Democracy essays

Majority rules system expositions It is a propensity to rehearse majority rule government over the world. There are bunches of governments on the planet which are attempting their best to advance a feeling of majority rules system for their nationals. Clearly, we can find that there are still a few regions in Hong Kong where we can't have opportunity, for example, the right to speak freely of discourse, opportunity of press, opportunity of gathering, opportunity of religion, etc .In request to roll out such an improvement, in this way, it is more than dire to proliferate majority rule government in our general public. For us to do this , the most ideal way is that we ought to develop such a sense in our adolescents who are ,as it has consistently been stated, the future mainstays of our general public. As we as a whole know, our future experts are still in school, the objective, in this way, ought to be determined to understudies in their grounds life. In this way, we ought to consider what the importance of majority rules system is. Nobody can question the implying that a law based society is a general public where individuals can have their own feelings, decisions, talks to pick anything unreservedly and are not upset by any people. As we find out about popularity based framework in school, we will have vote based society in Hong Kong at some point or another. Sorting out an understudies association has its verifiable job in advancing majority rule government in school. As the understudies can cast their votes to choose which the best association is. They will provide food for the students?needs. In the short run, it can guarantee that their own polling forms would impact the political race results and their votes would be regarded in that it can have our fair and equivalent framework in school. Is additionally worth seeing that by offering an open door for the understudies to communicate their own perspectives, it is a smart thought that understudies can appreciate opportunity of press. For instance, understudies can compose articles to communicate what they think and what they need that they might be satisfied by the school. Moreover, the school authority ought to analyze their conclusions individually, and give the reactions truly. ... <! Majority rules system expositions What are the points of interest and burdens of the Democratic System in Belize? Vote based system is an administration by the individuals or a type of government wherein the sovereign force dwells in the individuals all in all state and is practiced either legitimately by them or by officials chose by them. In current use it enigmatically indicates a social state where all have equivalent rights, without innate or subjective contrasts of rank or benefit. It is from the postfix - ocracy by which we can decide the employable importance of the word vote based system; which is the pointer of the predominant and prevalent decision class. It is gotten from the Greek word kratos, which means quality or force. Vote based system is the standard by the individuals and it originates from the Greek word demos. Whatever its inceptions majority rule government has come to mean the standard or framework by which most ideological groups of the western world would buy in to paying little heed to their convictions. Opportunity and majority rule government are frequently utilized together however the two don't mean the equivalent. In reality, vote based system is a lot of thoughts and standards about opportunity, however it additionally comprises of practices and methods that were made and followed from the beginning of time. Essentially, vote based system is the standardization of opportunity. This opportunity involves that people have fundamental rights that are basic to any majority rule framework, that is, Freedom of discourse, articulation and the press; Freedom of religion; Freedom of gathering and affiliation; Right to approach security of the law and Right to fair treatment and reasonable preliminary. Popular government however, is in excess of a lot of established principles and strategies that decides how an administration capacities. The administration is just a piece of numerous and shifted establishments, ideological groups, associations and affiliations that coincide and cooperate. This assorted variety expect that the many sorted out gatherings and relationship in a vote based society don't rely upon the administration for their reality, authenticity and authority... <! Majority rules system expositions In a neighborhood play area, a gathering of nine youngsters can't choose what game to play. A little youngster proposes they vote on the issue. All the youngsters vote, and five out of the nine kids vote to play tag rather than b-ball. Since a bigger number of kids needed to play tag than ball, the youngsters consented to play tag. This model is majority rules system at its least complex structure. As per The New Websters Dictionary Of The English Language, vote based system is an administration by the individuals, as a rule through chosen delegates. This is valid, however there isn't only one type of majority rules system. The two principle types of majority rules system are tip top vote based system, and a well known vote based system. The definition given is alluding to a first class majority rule government, where the individuals choose authorities to speak to them all in all. In a mainstream vote based system there are no chosen authorities for portrayal, the individuals speak to themselves. First class majority rules system, otherwise called agent popular government, is the point at which the majority vote to choose a gathering of individuals to speak to them. The delegates were privileged, which means they were exceptionally taught and typically well off. In the late 1700's, a gathering of individuals called Federalists bolstered tip top majority rules system. The Federalists accepted if dominant part managed, the majority would prompt a general public where people groups rights and property would be under attack. The Federalists accepted that people are normally covetous and childish. They additionally accepted that the tip top had developed past such wants and had the option to really search out the benefit of everyone. What's more, on the off chance that one agent should attempt to acquire power than another, the Constitutions arrangement of balanced governance would keep it from occurring. Well known majority rule government, otherwise called direct vote based system, is the point at which all issues are taken care of and settled by the individuals legitimately. Under this type of popular government, chose authorities arent required in light of the fact that the individuals are speaking to themselves. The Anti-Federalists of the late 1700s had ... <! Majority rule government expositions Majority rule government is an administration gone ahead by the individuals, and for the individuals, in the conviction of political and social balance. In the wake of exploring the political arrangement of the United States, and the connection among popular government and legislative issues, I started to consider the inquiry, is the United States Political System a genuine majority rule government? In any framework which professes to be law based, an issue of its authenticity remains. A really fair political framework has certain qualities which demonstrate its authenticity with their reality. One fundamental quality of an authentic majority rule government is that it permits individuals to unreservedly settle on decisions without government intercession. Another important trademark which legitimates government is that each vote must tally similarly: one decision in favor of each individual. For this balance to happen, all individuals must be dependent upon similar laws, have equivalent social liberties, and is permitted to uninhibitedly communicate their thoughts. Minority rights are additionally urgent in an authentic majority rule government. Regardless of how disliked their perspectives, all individuals ought to appreciate the abilities to speak freely, press and get together. Open strategy ought to be made freely, not covertly, and routinely planned decisions ought to be h eld. Since authenticity might be characterized as the inclination or assessment the individuals have that administration depends on ethically faultless standards and that they ought to in this manner obey it, at that point there must fundamentally be an association between what the individuals need and what the legislature is doing if authenticity is to happen. The U.S. government might be viewed as authentic in certain angles, and ill-conceived in others. Since casting a ballot is class-one-sided, it may not be delegated a totally real procedure. Despite the fact that in principle the American framework calls for one vote for each individual, the low pace of turnout brings about the upper and white collar classes eventually picking possibility for the whole country. Class is dictated by salary and training, and contrasting degrees of these two... <! Majority rule government papers In 1850, Britain was an undemocratic nation. As of now the Constituent framework separated Boroughs and Counties. Casting a ballot capabilities were diverse in precincts and electorates. The vote was as it were given to men beyond 21 years old giving their property was esteemed at least 10, or land was more than 2 every year in lease. Seats were circulated inconsistent and customary decision families generally shaped the Bureau. Moreover, pay off and defilement were boundless and just the minority of the populace were qualified for vote. Right now There was no type of fundamental training for the populace masses and There was still a ton of intensity existing in the House of Lords and not With chose authorities. A specific level of cash was important to Represent political decision since this was not a paying employment, which, as a Result halted immense quantities of individuals representing political decision in light of the fact that The didn't have the accounts to help themselves. Nor were they ready to bear to represent political decision as because of pay off and debasement, the poor had no possibility of winning as they didn't have the cash to give voters what they needed in kind for their help. For majority rule government, there should have been normal decisions and in spite of the fact that at this time races were at regular intervals, this was not frequently Anyway somewhere in the range of 1850 and 1918, progress was made towards Britain turning into a majority rules system. Presently there was better correspondence and instruction expanding political intrigue and this impacted individuals in exchange, industry and account. Monetary changes improved individuals off what's more, left them needing to partake in legislative issues, and be spoken to in This general want for the broadening of the establishment prompted pressure The Second Reform Bill helped the Extension of the Franchise gone in 1867. In this demonstration, all householders who paid rates with 12 months habitation and every one of the 10 per year tenant... <! Vote based system articles I

Sectionalism 1820

Sectionalism 1820-1860 Essay The South ? low movement, enormous salary uniqueness, reproduced Medieval EuropeA.Cotton Kingdom ? 1788 ? South biting the dust, exhausted land, unmarketable productsa.Slavery expanded ? Eli Whitney ? Cotton Gini.Increased work likewise improved Northern delivery industryb.? cotton in world from the South, England 75% from Southi.England economy relied upon Southern cottonB.Planter Aristocracy ? ?cottonocracy? ? government ? barely any control manya.Biggest grower controlled social, political, monetary lifeb.Received best instruction ? legislators who served publici.Public instruction suffersc.Women got tied up with framework ? controlled householdsC.Poor whites ? acknowledged framework, fantasy about climbing, required racial superiorityD.Scotch Irish ? Appalachian Mountains ? ?white rubbish? ? progress ignoredE.Nature of Slaverya.One twentieth century see ? bondage finishing, proprietors paternalistic, blacks normally substandard ? should be taken consideration of1.Not genuine ? fi nancially as yet extending, not dying2.1954 Slavery thinks about to focus camps3.Paternalistic ? egotistical technique just to get more labor4.Slaves counterfeit ?Sambo? apathy as technique for adapting/rebelb.Black ladies must adjust as white guardian, worker, family anchorThe North ? industry, producing, substantial migration ? urbanizedA. Movement ? 95% went toward the Northa. Irish ? NY/Boston ? low talented work ? left because of potato famineb. German ? left because of yield disappointments, popular government disappointment of 1848 revolution1. Midwest ? contributed gave US writing, kindergarten, Xmas treeThe West ? youthful pulled in, audacious open doors ? life entirely demolished land ? exhausted, simply proceeded onward ? pushed out Indians, animalsB.Frontier ? conviction that you can generally begin new out WestC.More fairness for ladies, flexibly and request, they can leave if not treated properlyD.Squatters ? just move to land, fabricate house, guarantee property ? dif ficult to commence

A World Record Attempt

A “World Record Attempt” Its Thursday. On Monday Im heading back to campus, along with bazillions of froshies, eager and excited to start the MIT experience. Going back as an upperclassman (a junior!? WHAT!?) is much different than going to campus as a freshman, for almost more reasons than I can count. My dad asked me this morning Do you think the freshmen are scared about how hard MIT is going to be? Do you think theyre scared to get to campus? My answer? No, absolutely not. If youre a freshman, do not be scared right now. Be excited. Orientation is one of the craziest weeks youll experience at MIT, seriously. Youll be rushing around, meeting tons of new people, doing whatever it is you want to do, with almost no mandatory events but a ton of optional fun ones. MIT is very big into student organization and student-run activities, which is probably for the better, seeing as were much more creative than the institute big wigs. While all the froshies are running around having fun during orientation, the upperclassmen will be running around organizing, ferrying, making Home Depot runs, and generally going out of our minds trying to get things done. This is ok though, because we are used to being stupidly busy and are really quite good at it. This entry is a shameless plug for an event that Keri inspired me to organize. She doesnt know this, but now she does! Have you ever heard of Mattress Dominoes? This video will give you the gist of it. They claim its a World Record Attempt. I dont know about you, but 41 people seems like a really lousy record attempt. Maybe because they figure theres no way to get more mattresses than that. I beg to differ. In a few days there will be a thousand excited freshmen on campus, each with their very own mattress! We also have the second longest hallway in the country. What are a thousand kids, with a thousand mattresses, in one of the longest hallways, going to do? Were going to make a legitimate attempt at the world record, blowing a measly 41 people out of the water. Day and time are TBD at this point, but keep an ear out! This will happen, and it will be awesome! See you all on campus in a couple of days guys, almost there!

Ludwig van Beethovens Life and Achievements Essay

Ludwig van Beethoven was an extraordinary music composer, especially considering he was deaf most of his life and career. He was born in Germany on December 16, 1770. Many obstacles were hurled at him, but he triumphed over them, and even deafness didn’t stop him from composing some of the worlds greatest, and most recognized music compositions (Rosenwald 167). His life, music, and his musical styles and techniques all contribute to his life story. Beethoven was born in Bonn Germany. At 14, he held the occupation of a court organist. Sadly, his father was a drunken singer, and barely supported his family. Consequently, the money Beethoven earned assisted his family. In 1778, he traveled to Vienna and met Wolfgang A. Mozart who instantly†¦show more content†¦Soon, he had to give up concert work and devote his time composing, struggling at the same time against ill health, poverty, and growing deafness. By 1819, his deafness affected him so significantly, that he was ab le to communicate only by writing (Rosenwald 167). However, in the isolation of deafness, Beethoven created some of the most distinguished works of music (Rosenwald 167). Beethoven admitted, â€Å"I would have ended my life-it was only my music that held me back.† With this victory over despair, there was an important change in his musical style (Kamien 150). For Beethoven, music was a moral force, a higher revelation than all wisdom and philosophy, not a mere entertainment. He had a demand for perfection, and that meant long, hard work. Occasionally, he worked for years on a single symphony in addition to writing other compositions (Kamien 151). His works are generally divided into three periods. The early period, up to 1802, middle, 1803-1814, and late, 1815-1827. His early period greatly shows the influence of other composers, whereas his middle and late times unmistakably show Beethoven’s personal style (Kamien 153). Mostly, Beethoven used classical techniques and forms. However, he gave them new intensity and power. He bridged the classical and romantic eras (Kamien 151). His works differentiate themselves through his formation of protracted, large architectonic structures illustrated by the vast enhancement of musical material, motifs, and themes, usually byShow MoreRelatedLudwig Van Beethoven, Pianist And Composer1197 Words   |  5 PagesJonathan Perez Period 1 10-15-14 Ludwig Van Beethoven Ludwig Van Beethoven, a widely known pianist and composer, was born on about December 16, 1770 in Bonn, Germany. He was baptized on December 17, 1770. The actual date of his birth is unknown, but because most babies were baptized within 24 hours of birth, December 16 was his most likely birthdate. Beethoven, however, insisted that he was born 2 years later. Although he was presented with official papers of his birth, he still stubbornly objectedRead MoreLudwig Van Beethoven: A Biography1318 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven is considered by many to be the best and most influential composer of all time. His imminence as a composer becomes even more remarkable when one considers the fact that he suffered severe hearing loss for much of his life and was totally deaf for the last decade of his life; the same time that he was composing some of his best-known and most highly regarded works. In order to understand how a man who could not hear the music he was creating became one of theRead MoreThe Music Of The World Of Music1292 Words   |  6 Pagesthem have a story as amazing as the 18th century classical composer Ludwig Van Beethoven. â€Å"His life played out like one of his beautiful symphonies, with unimaginable highs, lows, victories, and defeats,† (Viegas 5). Although he lost his hearing when he was 26 years old, Beethoven was famous for his nine symphonies, and is also recognized as one of the cornerstones of Western civilization through the legacy of his music. Ludwig Van Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany. He was the son of Johann, a tenorRead MoreThe Most Beautiful Pieces Of Music1345 Words   |  6 PagesBach, Mozart, Chopin, and Vivaldi, but none has as amazing a story as Ludwig Van Beethoven. â€Å"His life played out like one of his beautiful symphonies, with unimaginable highs, lows, victories, and defeats,† (Viegas 5). Ludwig Van Beethoven was an 18th century classical composer famous for his nine symphonies, and is also recognized as one of the cornerstones of Western civilization through the legacy of his music. Ludwig Van Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany. He was the son of Johann, a tenorRead MoreBeethoven Biography1409 Words   |  6 PagesLudwig van Beethoven 17 December 1770 – 26 March 1827 [pic] [pic] Ludwig van Beethoven is perhaps the most famous and influential of all the pianist composers of his time. He was considered instrumental in the transition of between the classical and romantic eras in Western Art Music. Beethoven was born on December 16th, 1770 in Bonn (now called Cologne, Germany) to parents of Belgian descent. His father, Johann, was a musician at the court of Bonn, and his mother,Read MoreMusic Composer Beethoven. Ludwig Van Beethoven Was One980 Words   |  4 PagesMusic Composer Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven was one of the most famous German composers who played a huge role in pioneering the transition of music from the classical era to the Romantic era. His work in concerto, symphony, sonata, and quartet is considered instrumental in expanding both the scope and reach of music. He also came up with a new way of combining vocals and instruments. Beethoven struggled with auditory decline for most of his life, and was nearly deaf toward the end. InterestinglyRead MoreThe Music Of Ludwig Van Beethoven1701 Words   |  7 PagesPaper Ludwig van Beethoven Music has been around a long time and is a big part of America’s history. There are many styles of music such as, Rap, RB, Jazz, Classical, Oldies and so on. There has been many great composers throughout the years, these people are legends that will stand for ever such as, Beethoven, George Frideric Handel, and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The one artist that I’m going to write about in this paper is the one and only Ludwig van Beethoven. Beethoven wasRead MoreBiography Of Ludwig Van Beethoven s Work1474 Words   |  6 PagesLudwig Van Beethoven was born in 1170 and didn’t have the happiest childhood. His father would rather drink instead of perform music that was a trail of his family. Beethoven studied counterpoint with Haydn but the relationship between them was not a positive one. Beethoven would fulfill his early promise as a composer, he discovered in this late twenties that his hearing was gradually getting weaker. He would later became deaf and contemplated suicide. By his faith with art he would becomeRead MoreThe Music Of Ludwig Van Beethoven1600 Words   |  7 PagesLudwig van Beethoven is known for much of his musical accomplishments. One of his most famous is that he is deaf and yet one of the best musical composers of the classical and romanic area. Beethoven has always been one of my personal favorite composers. When I grew up and started taking piano, Beethoven s Fur Elise was my first large classical piece. Ever since that point on I insisted that when we were in Germany we see his home, and that we did. In this essay I will be explaining Ludwigs YouthRead MoreKey Signature and Beethoven9252 Words   |  38 PagesOutline Title: Life and Works of Ludwig van Beethoven and His Achievements Thesis Statement: Beethoven is one of the greatest composer in the history of music. He played a big role in the world of music. He was the one who initiated among his co-composers the freedom to express themselves. Some of his masterpieces were Eroica Pastorale, Fideleo and the religious composition entitled Missa Solemnis. I. Introduction II. The Man and His Music A.

Essay on Theories on the Causes of Genetic Disorders in...

Genetic Conditions Leading to Mortality are Common in Older People than Younger People Humans undergo several stages during their lifetime including growth, development, reproduction and senescence. Senescence is defined as the deteriorative biological changes that organisms experience as they age eventually leading to death. These changes include low metabolism, a weak immune system, memory loss, poor vision and loss of hearing. Senescence begins in humans during their post-reproductive years. However, gerontology research has shown that individuals who reproduce late have longer life spans compared to individuals who reproduce early. Nonetheless, it does not indicate that senescence is inevitable. All organisms experience senescence,†¦show more content†¦Another example includes the repression of tumorigenesis that inhibits certain cell growth at a young age but rapidly expresses harmful cells resulting in inoperable tumors at an older age. This suggests a trade-off betwe en the early benefits and the late costs. Natural selection will always favor the early benefits in young adults over the late-acting deleterious genes. Charles Williams proposed that individuals who postpone reproduction have longer lifespans because they have a higher fitness and can produce more children (Williams 409). The mutation accumulation theory was proposed by Peter Medawar in 1952. It stated that harmful mutations expressed at a younger age are selected against by natural selection to maximize the fitness of an individual. Deleterious mutations expressed at an older age are not affected by natural selection because the genes are already passed onto the next generation (Hughes 424). Over the next generations, the late-acting deleterious genes accumulate resulting in degradation of biological processes. The mutation accumulation theory and the antagonist pleiotropy theory are similar to a certain extent and can occur at the same time. However, an important difference is th at harmful genes at old age accumulate from previous generations in the mutation accumulation theory whileShow MoreRelatedAging And The Aging Process1669 Words   |  7 Pagesconcepts of aging are broken down into two theories widely accepted by several varying fields of studies such as gerontology, the study of the aging process, and oncology, the study of cancer and tumor development. The Cellular theory, which focuses solely on the idea that a species and individual’s lifespan and condition in life is based on genetic and cellular factors that predispose us to a variety of diseases. The second theory is known as Wear-and-Tear theory which heavily concentrates on the conceptsRead MoreThe Biology Of Memory Disorders955 Words   |  4 Pagesthat could make their daily life difficult. The hippocampus, limbic system, and amygdala are critical to memory and if these were damage they could cause memory disorders. Memory disorders are diseases that impair our ability to recall e veryday events. There are numerous memory disorders a person could have. For example, amnesia is a common memory disorder. The most common types of amnesia are retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia. Retrograde amnesia is when a person loses some memories of theirRead MoreDepression And The Elderly : The Major Risks Of Old Age Depression1442 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Elderly: The Major Risks of Old Age Depression To gain an improved understanding of depression in elderly and how to treat such cases, a definition of the disease itself must be familiarized: the ensuing information and research aims to supplement previous understandings. Since the elderly are not usually studied as a major demographic of depression patients, general statistics will be used when needed. The statistical difference between an average person with depression and an elderly personRead More The Neurobiology of Parkinsons Disease Essay1531 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween neurons is facilitated by neurotransmitters, chemicals which act as intermediaries at the synaptic gap (Delcomyn, 1998). Many behavioral disorders have a neurochemical basis, oftentimes associated with abnormal neurotransmitter activity. These abnormalities are thought to stem from interactions between genetics and the environment. One of these disorders is Parkinsons Disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease which is characterized by a deficit in the neurotransmitter dopamine (NHGRI,Read More Progeria Essay1529 Words   |  7 PagesProgeria Progeria is one of the least known genetic disorders. There are two types of Progeria, the only difference being the age group that it affects. The Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome is commonly called Childhood Progeria. The second type of Progeria is Werner’s Syndrome, which is the adult form of Progeria. What basically happens in this disorder is that age is accelerated seven times faster than that of a normal person. For example, for Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome, a childRead More Alzheimer’s Disease Essay1176 Words   |  5 PagesAlzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s Disease is a disease of the future. With the growing aged population, this disease, which affects primarily the elderly, will become of increasing relevance to the medical profession. Also, the high frequency of Alzheimer’s, and the high cost in labor, money, and material of caring for its victims shall put considerable burden on the society as a whole. Here, however, these issues are not going to be debated. Instead the pathology of Alzheimer’s will be reviewedRead MoreMental Illnesses Has Been Recorded Since The Beginning Of History1185 Words   |  5 Pagesdifficult task to those with a disorder. Every person reacts differently to diagnosed mental conditions. (NAMI, 2015) Mental disorders include a wide range of problems made up of anxiety, mood disorders, depression, schizophrenia, psychotic disorders and etc. The focus of this paper will examine the disorder of schizophrenia; how it became, who is affects and to live with it. Schizophrenia is a severe brain disorder that affects one’s perception of reality. It may cause hallucinations, delusions, psychoticRead MoreMajor Types Of Major Depressive Disorder1112 Words   |  5 Pages Major depressive disorder is a mental disorder characterized by a pervasive and persistent low mood that is accompanied by low self-esteem and by a loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. The term depression is used in a number of different ways. It is often used to mean this syndrome but may refer to other mood disorders or simply to a low mood. Major depressive disorder is a disabling condition that adversely affects a person s family, work or school life, sleepingRead MoreDepression, Types and Causes1124 Words   |  5 PagesDepression: types and causes. 1 Burgundy Carroll COM 150, Effective Essay Writing June 4, 2010 Jennifer Lloyd 2 Depression is very common; it may be as simple as a change in the weather or as difficult as a chemical imbalance in the brain. There are many different types of depression. I am going to choose just a few, to look at a little closer. The types of depression I am going toRead More The Aging Process and Caring For the Elderly Essay1793 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract This report presents several aspects of aging. The report looks at a number of theories of why we age, the physical and mental changes we undergo as we age, and ways of caring for the elderly. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION......................................................1 THEORIES OF WHY WE AGE............................................2 Genetics.....................................................2 Cellular.....................................................2 Physiological

Organizational Conflicts and Building Coalitions Free Essays

Conflict within the organization is an every day reality as no one individual will have the same opinion or style. The differences found amongst people in the workplace has required perceptions to change when it comes to leading a team and implementing strategy. One’s attitude must be flexible and tolerant of change and conflict. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Conflicts and Building Coalitions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Conflict must be an accepted factor or otherwise the organization will not survive. In many ways, leaders and management look at conflict as a positive. Because conflict taking time and effort to resolve, it also allows for critical thinking and opening the path for new ideas and solutions. This works to the company’s advantage over the long run as it continues to think outside the box or get do away with the box entirely. This leads to innovation. The attitude toward knowledge has evolved because more than one type is needed in order to implement a new idea. This changes the needs of workers and organizations as diffusion of innovation takes place as many different points of view are considered. While the idea that conflict can be a positive, leaders must also keep in mind the other side of the spectrum or the negative. While conflict can lead to innovation, it can also open up the employee to too many opportunities, which can influence their creativity and productivity. It produces a whole new reality that employees may not be prepared to handle. Product diversification could mean failure. Technology, while it is wondrous and makes jobs easier, can also be dangerous. With telecommunications, a new breed of crime has been created with identity theft and corporate brand protection becoming important. Technology can be disastrous if put in the wrong hands. With innovations come new inventions that make our lives easier but also have a higher risk when used. This is the nature of the realm of possibility. This can backfire as it can also destroy and impose new rules of conduct upon communities. As much as many like the idea of innovation, for those scared of change, it is difficult to embrace fully. This leads to further conflict or counter movements to conserve what is left because the longer a conflict goes unresolved, the harder it is fix. This like a lack of communication can lead to a break in the cycle for the organization. Still organizational conflict and change is about the future. However, as more products and services are produced and distributed throughout the world, debate continues regarding leaders’ obligation to take on more social responsibility. To change the way business is conducted, we may need to establish new operational styles that set new expectations for both today’s work force and corporate accountability. Looking at a corporation like Johnson and Johnson, one realizes within a team everyone has a function to meet production quotas and the harmony produced translates into efficiency. Total Quality Management (TQM) is still evident as companies push to analyze productivity as it reflects success, profit, as the numbers still remain the bottom line. Change means introducing new players to the reality, which one takes the risk, could lead to further conflict or creation. This means the possibility of interacting with outsiders or traveling in other countries for opportunities. One such situation can arise when an American company sets up shop in England. How will the locals react to such international involvement and on what levels will this be tolerated? How much will gained by so much change or resulting conflict? It is the ability to accept the new reality of today’s workplace that makes an organization competitive. A company like Johnson and Johnson faces many challenges in the future due to this new reality. How to cite Organizational Conflicts and Building Coalitions, Essay examples

Sedition Act Of 1798 Essays - The Federalist Papers, James Madison

Sedition Act Of 1798 The Sedition Act of 1798 For the first few years of Constitutional government, under the leadership of George Washington, there was a unity, commonly called Federalism that even James Madison acknowledged in describing the Republican form of government-- And according to the degree of pleasure and pride we feel in being republicans, ought to be our zeal in cherishing the spirit and supporting the character of Federalists. Although legislators had serious differences of opinions, political unity was considered absolutely essential for the stability of the nation. Political parties or factions were considered evil as Complaints are everywhere heard from our most considerate and virtuous citizens, equally the friends of public and private faith, and of public and personal liberty, that our governments are too unstable, that the public good is disregarded in the conflicts of rival parties, and that measures are too often decided, not according to the rules of justice and the rights of the minor party, but by th e superior force of an interested and overbearing majority Public perception of factions were related to British excesses and thought to be the mortal diseases under which popular governments have everywhere perished. James Madison wrote in Federalist Papers #10, By a faction, I understand a number of citizens, whether amounting to a majority or a minority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adversed to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community. He went on to explain that faction is part of human nature; that the CAUSES of faction cannot be removed, and that relief is only to be sought in the means of controlling its EFFECTS. The significant point Madison was to make in this essay was that the Union was a safeguard against factions in that even if the influence of factious leaders may kindle a flame within their particular States, [they will be] unable to spread a general conflagration through the other States. What caused men like Thomas Jefferson and James Madison to defy tradition and public perceptions against factions and build an opposition party? Did they finally agree with Edmund Burkes famous aphorism: When bad men combine, the good must associate; else they will fall, one by one, an unpitied sacrifice in a contemptible struggle? Did the answer lie in their opposition with the agenda of Alexander Hamilton and the increases of power both to the executive branch as well as the legislative branch of government? Hamilton pushed for The Bank of the United States, a large standing Army raised by the President a Department of Navy, funding and excise taxes, and, in foreign policy, a neutrality that was sympathetic to British interest to the detriment of France. Many legislators, especially those in the south, were alarmed to the point that a separation of the Union was suggested as the only way to deal with Hamiltons successes. Many were afraid that the army would be used against them as it had during the Whiskey Rebellion. Southerners saw the taxes to support a new treasury loan favoring pro-British merchants in the commercial cities, and unfairly paid by landowners in the South. These issues as well as neutrality issues between France, England, and the United States were the catalyst for the forming of the Republican Party. The French and English conflict caused many problems with Americas political system. The English Order of Council and the French Milan Decree wreaked havoc with Americas shipping and led to Jays Treaty of 1794. Jays Treaty was advantageous to America and helped to head off a war with Britain, but it also alienated the French. The French reacted by seizing American ships causing the threat of war to loom large in American minds. President Adams sent three commissioners to France to work out a solution and to modify the Franco-American alliance of 1778, but the Paris government asked for bribes and a loan from the United States before negotiations could even begin. The American commissioners refused to pay the bribes and they were denied an audience with accredited authorities and even treated with contempt. Two of the commissioners returned to the United States

The Inner Workings of a Gold Loan Essays

The Inner Workings of a Gold Loan Essays The Inner Workings of a Gold Loan Essay The Inner Workings of a Gold Loan Essay Essay Topic: The Birthday Party â€Å"Gold Loans- The Old Concept in a New Package† Introduction: It has been observed recently that Indians own more gold than the citizens of any other country. They use the glittering metal as ornaments to flaunt family wealth, as a source of retirement savings and as insurance against calamities. Gold and domestic savings: In rural areas in India, due to the lack of access to banks the poor continue to invest their savings mainly in gold. Also, there are strong cultural factors at work in India which make gold not only a desirable but also a necessary asset to hold. But lately, gold has become something else: collateral, and the basis of one of the country’s fastest growing businesses, gold loans. It is therefore an apt moment to acquaint the reader with an insider’s perspective on why gold loans matter and why they hold so much promise for our country’s future. The purpose of this paper is to present a consolidated review of the various facets of the gold loans spreading with speed in India to the readers. Gold Loan: Gold loan  is a secured loan issued by lenders against gold as the undersigned asset. Gold loan gives an opportunity for people to liquefy the value of their jewelry items and use it for financing purposes. Rise in gold prices have increased the disbursal of Gold Loans in the middle and upper middle class. With changing times working women are becoming financially independent and taking active part in decision making process. They are working in unison with their husbands to ensure a bright and secured future for their family. As the couples are well employed, they seek to return the principal even within a month of receiving their salary. They are now using such loans to finance their children’s education, (particularly for meeting donation demands), which a bank will not entertain, car purchases, holiday trips or even to put up margin money for a home buy. The loan process begins once the gold is deposited with the lenders. After a ‘purity’ check is done, lenders may  offer  loans  for as high as 80% of the gold’s worth. While the gold market has only shown an ascent, lenders still consider the risk that gold carries and thus are reluctant to issue more than 80% of the value. Gold loans today are issued both by banks and non-banking companies. Objectives of the Study: The main objective of this study is to present a comprehensive picture of gold loans currently prevailing in India. Lending against gold being one of the oldest businesses of India is being served in an altogether different style which is organized and regulated. The business which was until lately dominated by unorganized money lenders has attracted all from organized Non-banking finance companies to banks in the public and private sector. The study aims at- * To examine the present scenario of gold loan industry in India whether organized or unorganized. To discover the reasons; appearing as advantages; for the growing popularity of such a business. * To compare gold loans with the personal loans. * To chalk out some precautions to be adhered to while availing gold loans. Methodology: Sources of data: The data for the study has been collected from- a) Internet b) Journals c) Articles of well known Newspapers d) Published reports of IMACS Literature Review: Gold Demand in India India is one of the largest markets of gold accounting for nearly 10% of total world stock with 18,000 tonnes of gold [IMaCS Industry Report (2010 Update)] ? Value of gold stock in India has grown at 22% CAGR from FY02 to FY10 ? Despite increase in gold prices from Rs. 15,026 to Rs. 51,150 per ounce between 2002 and 2009, the demand for gold remained relatively stable at around 700 tonnes, which clearly demonstrates the price in-elasticity ? Rural India is estimated to hold ~65% of the gold stock which depicts the concentration. ?Southern India is the largest market accounting for 40% of India’s gold demand, followed by West at ~25%, North at 20-25% and East at 10-15% of annual Gold demand [Mannapuram Finance in Jan 2011] Gold Finance Industry in India India being one of the largest markets for gold, several gold based financial products have been made available to retail consumers here from time to time with a view to bring the gold holdings to the core financial market. Lending against gold has been one of the most popular instruments based on gold, and it works well with the Indian rural population, which typically views gold as an important savings instrument that is liquid and can be converted into cash instantly to meet their urgent cash requirements. Moreover, since traditional times gold owners in southern India have been more open than elsewhere in the country to accept and exercise the option of pledging gold to borrow money (Source: IMaCS Industry Report 2009). In an effort to tap the market for gold related investment and services, companies in the financial sector have launched several products such as gold coins and bars; exchange traded gold funds and lending against gold. Gold Loans have emerged as key gold based financial products, and in the year ended March 31, 2010, the organized Gold Loans market in India was estimated at between `350 billion and ` 400 billion with a CAGR of approximately 40% during fiscal 2002 to fiscal 2010. Notwithstanding the above, the organized Gold Loans portfolio accounted for merely 1. 2% of the value of total gold stock in India. Despite the increase the experts still feel that the gold loans market is significantly under-penetrated and is expected to continue growing at the rate of 35-40% in the future. (Source: IMaCS Industry Report (2010 Update). The organized lenders; particularly NBFCs have become more aggressive in the gold loans market, charging interest rates that vary from 18% to 24%. Organized gold loans portfolio translates into a marginal 0. 12% of the value of total gold stock in India. A significant part of the gold loans may shift from the un-organized lenders to the organized lenders. South India continues to account for 85-90% of the gold loans market in India. However other areas also provide scope for expansion. There are no publicly available aggregate data about gold loans, but finance companies that specialize in them are growing fast. Manappuram, a pioneer in the business, made $730 million in gold loans in the year 2008 - up from $397 million a year earlier. Muthoot Finance, a privately held firm, said its lending was growing at 60 percent a year [â€Å"The New York Times† (Sept 28, 2009)]. By contrast, total outstanding bank loans to the private sector have increased 16 percent last year, year over year, and have been essentially flat so far this year. Though the financial system in India is becoming more inclusive, it still has not reached many people. More Indians, for instance, own gold than own stocks or mutual funds. It has been found that only around 5% of the Indian educated class does understand about working and investing in stock markets. The total value of gold in private hands is roughly 60 percent of deposits in banks, according to data from the World Gold Council and India’s central bank. A 2006 government survey found that less than 41 percent of Indian households had bank or post office savings accounts. By contrast, 92 percent of American households had bank accounts. The growth in size of the gold loan market has been manifold and is clearly visible as in FY 2002 the market for gold loans stood at a meager figure of less than Rs. 0 bn which rose a little above Rs. 100 bn in 5 years by FY 2007. The growth was almost double in next 2 years by FY 2009 the gold loan market has almost multiplied three fold since FY 2007 till FY 2010 to near about Rs. 400 bn. Source:  IMaCS Industry Report  (2010 Update) Features of a Gold Loan Gold loans come with  higher  interest  rate s  and have a processing fee as well. There are instances where the interest rates go as high as 27% per annum. However, the private lending businesses, especially new entrants, offer lower rates and gold loans in strategic ways such as without levying any processing fess. It is fortunate that most lenders do not charge any evaluation fee even when the  loan  amount  is based on the quality of gold. They prefer to play it safe by offering a lesser amount of loan than the gold’s actual value. Most loans span 3 months to 12 months and the borrowers have the choice of prepaying at any time. Non-banking companies let borrowers choose their terms as well. Typically, the tenure on a gold loan falls around one year to two year with some lenders even extending loan for three years. The documents required are residential proof and a recognised photo identity for example a PAN card, voter Identity card or driving license. The banks may take an hour to a day to extend the gold loan. On the other hand, NBFCs like Muthoot Finance and Manappuram, going by their advertisements, extend the loan within minutes. The average rate of interest they charge falls around 11 % 14 %. However, some NBFCs are charging a much higher interest rate of 20-24 %. Many banks impose reasonable restrictions against the loan money being used for stocks trading. In comparison, private lenders are slightly moderate in issuing any such restrictions. Why Gold Loans? Some of the reasons discovered for the growing popularity of gold loans in the form of advantages to customers in India are: 1. Continuous Increase in Gold prices- Gold price is increasing on an average by @ 20% per annum over the last five years. With gold prices continually rising, people find it a wise decision to take a loan against the gold. Say for eg: one has a gold ring and does’nt wish to sell it but needs cash. One simply has to stop by any of the gold loan offices of a company or banks so that their gold can be valued and they can get cash. The added advantages are that  people no longer have to sell their gold and the company does not run credit checks also! 2. Interest rates of  loans  are lower than that of unsecured loans (Personal Loan) Pawnbrokers and money lenders have long operated in India’s back alleys, making loans against jewelry to families in distress in rural as well as urban areas, at interest rates of 30 percent or more. But gold loans made by banks and finance companies are regulated the rates charged are lower - 14 to 30 percent. These policies have led to chances of further increase in their businesses. 3. Fast and easy option to obtain  loan  from NBFCs (Non-Banking Finance Companies) as well as Banks to meet short-term financial requirements- People do not have to wait till the long processing time finishes. The loan is approved in very short duration with least hassles and processing delays. Since it has collateral therefore risk is mitigated to a large extent. Drivers of Growth in Gold Loans Market in India A retail research report prepared by HDFC Securities found that the key usiness drivers of the gold loan market in India have been the following: a) Regulatory incentives to lenders: The prescribed risk weight on gold loans has been approximately 50% for commercial banks, further reducing the associated capital costs thus proving a beneficial deal for those engaged in its provision. b) Policy focus: The Government of India views gold loans as an effective means to meet the potential micro- finance demand in India. In fiscal 2007, the Government of the state of Tamil Nadu set a jewelry loans target of ` 60 billion (75% of the total loan disbursement target) for co-operatives in Tamil Nadu. ) Cash crunch arising out of global slowdown- Gold loan firms have also benefited from the financial crisis. In the last year and a half, many lenders have stopped making unsecured personal loans because of the rising default cases in India. d) Increasing interest of the lenders in the segment: Considering the recent rise in default rates (which was expected to vary from 8-10% in fiscal 2009) in personal loans, banks have started focusing on the gold loans segment because it offers attractive returns (although lower than personal loans) with very low levels of defaults. Several private sector banks have started participating in the segment by getting into bilateral sale agreements with NBFCs that specialize in gold loan. A few private sector banks like HDFC Bank have already initiated efforts to tap into such segments. e) High levels of indebtedness: The National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) 2003 survey on situational assessment of farmers’ indebtedness in the country has estimated that 60. 4% of rural households in India were farmer households, out of which 48. 6% were indebted. The incidence of indebtedness was highest in the state of Andhra Pradesh (82%) followed by Tamil Nadu (74. 5%), Punjab (65. 4%), Kerala (64. 4%), Karnataka (61. 6%) and Maharashtra (54. 8 %). This shows the scope of a good business exists not only in down south but north India as the rural households hold gold and require easy terms of repayment which is readily available with NBFCs. f) Changing customer attitudes and preferences: Indian customers have demonstrated a change in their traditionally debt-averse psychology, promoting the creation of assets through growth in financial liabilities. Some of the other critical factors that can augment the growth of a gold loan company are a strong distribution network, faster turn around time, operational risk management through better technology, systems and processes, unique and customized product offering, access to low cost of funds and brand recognition due to heavy expenditure on advertisements. Source:indiainfoline. com How does a loan on gold work? The process of borrowing on gold as commonly specified by many of the gold loan companies seems  very easy. People simply bring them the gold and receive cash within a matter of minutes. All gold loans are usually 90 days long and can be paid off at the end of the term or extended for another 90 days. If people can’t pay back the gold loan in full at its maturity, they may surrender the gold as full payment. What type of gold can people borrow on? One can borrow loan against gold coins, gold rings, gold watches (working or not), broken jewelry, estate jewelry, collectible gold, gold figurines, gold charms. Basically, one can loan on any type of gold without regard for condition. Current Status of Gold Loan Companies in India- Non-Banking Finance Companies A non-banking finance company (NBFC) is a company registered under the Companies Act, 1956 and is engaged in the business of loans and advances, acquisition of shares/stock/bonds/debentures/securities issued by Government or local authority or other securities of like marketable nature, leasing, hire-purchase, insurance business, chit business but does not include any institution whose principal business is that of agriculture activity, industrial activity, sale/purchase/construction of immovable roperty. A nonbanking institution which is a company and which has its principal business of receiving deposits under any scheme or arrangement or any other manner, or lending in any manner is also a non-banking financial company (Residuary non-banking company). It is mandatory that every NBFC should be registered with RBI to commence or carry on any business of non-banking financial institution as defined in claus e (a) of Section 45 I of the RBI Act, 1934. All NBFCs are not entitled to accept public deposits. Only those NBFCs holding a valid Certificate of Registration with authorization to accept public deposits can accept/hold public deposits. NBFCs authorized to accept/hold public deposits besides having minimum stipulated net owned fund should also comply with the directions such as investing part of the funds in liquid assets, maintain reserves, rating etc. issued by the Bank. As of June 2009 there were 12,740 NBFCs in India, mostly in the private sector (RBI Press Release, October, 2009). Role of NBFCs in the competitive landscape of the gold finance industry in India The further stated that a typical Gold Loan customer expects high loan-to-value ratios, easy access, low levels of documentation and formalities, quick approval and disbursal of loans, lockers to ensure safety of their pledged gold and a team of expert valuers. Specialized NBFCs have created a niche in the gold loans capabilities by meeting these requirements of the typical gold loan customers, who require gold loans primarily to meet their urgent cash requirements. NBFCs specializing in gold loans continue to perform strongly in the gold loans market and the overall statistics demonstrate that the relative share of traditional gold finance NBFCs in the market has not changed significantly over the last three years. In fiscal 2010, the Gold Loans market was largely concentrated between two categories of lenders: south India based SCBs (Scheduled Commercial Banks) and NBFCs specializing in gold loans which held approximately 58% and 32%, respectively, of the total market. The rest of the Gold Loans portfolio was held by several small co-operative banks. [Retail research report by HDFC Securities] NBFCs are the Fastest Growing Lenders in the Organized Gold Loan Market| Targeting Non-bankable customers| High Comfort Level: Transparency ; Trust| Minimal documentation and formalities| Quick approvals and disbursals| Flexibility in Terms of Loans| Easy Access due to Greater Penetration| Presence of expert valuers| Robust control systems| Ability to handle cash| Better Operating Cost Structures vis-a-vis Banks| Are gold loans better than personal loans? Comparing personal loan and gold loan, Manappuram Finance Managing Director I. Unnikrishnan said, â€Å"in times of emergency you need a loan almost immediately with minimum documentation, and without any evaluation of your loan repaying capacity and if you have gold it can be a better option compared to a personal loan where all these factors come into play. † Personal loans and gold loans are born equal. They attract almost the same kind of interest. While a personal loan can quickly turn in to a non-performing asset for banks, gold loans are designed to benefit the banks. Asian Correspondent. com (31st May 2011)] For someone who is serious about clearing the loan in due time, a gold loan might prove to be a better choice. On comparing the procedures of the two, gold loans look like a neat and clean process. Personal loans, if one would observe work a little differently as they are not secured by any asset but by the loan takers future earning potential and credit history. T here is an unspeakable necessity for submission of paperwork including pay-slips. A few calls are also made to the loan taker’s nearest and dearest friends. And that’s where gold loans score. For personal loans, there is no partial payment option. Here one either pays in full or gets on with the monthly payments. Gold loan provides partial payment flexibility. If you have some money to pay, you can go ahead and pay it. The outstanding amount will come down and so will the interest. The catch is one will not get any gold back for the amount one has paid. He/she can only release their gold after the complete principal amount is cleared. Gold loans’ only caveat or the obvious downfall for gold loans is that jewelry and ornaments will not be available when required. A friend’s wedding or a birthday party might just come when we don’t want them to. Keeping in view the above comparison without hesitation we can conclude that loans should be avoided at all times as all loans are born equal with a common objective- to lay interest on the person who takes the loan and make him or her work for them, at least for  a while. But if it is really required, a gold loan could be a better choice. Precautions before Availing Gold Loans Even though from the aforementioned discussion, gold loans may seem to be an easy option to borrow money there is a word of caution from the financial experts who advise that taking a gold loan for buying luxury items or for consumption purposes may not be a great idea. Being a secured loan, gold loans must be sought only after a careful assessment of one’s payment capabilities or else the gold might get forfeited. The  lenders  offer gold loans after much consideration and tend to ask about the purpose of the loan. Borrowers  need to ensure that the loan they take against gold is not meant for pure consumption or speculative purposes. They need to exercise caution with their investments or else they may end up losing the gold. * Another thing is to ensure is that there are no missed payments otherwise the default penalties can take the gold loan amount to an unmanageable balance. This also has an inevitable impact: it may spoil one ’s  credit  score. It is advised to take a gold loan in small sums and make sure that one has enough liquidity to repay the loan and get the gold back. The gold pledged with the lender is usually auctioned 12 months after the due date of repayment has lapsed. NCDEX Chief Business Officer Vijay Kumar has a smart advice for borrowers: â€Å"if you have a good quality hallmarked gold and the value of the gold you want to borrow is 60 % or less you may negotiate for lower interest rate from the lender. † * There are various parameters on which the tenure, interest rate and the level of negotiation would depend - like whether the gold is hallmarked or not, the tenure of the loan amount and what percentage of the value of the gold you would like to borrow. One should also not get carried away by the attractive interest rates on gold loans as there are half a dozen other charges for gold loans like the handling and processing fee of about 0. 25-0. 50 per cent, gold assessing charges of about one per cent and also custodial charges for safekeeping of your gold. [article in Financial Chronicle (June 23, 2011)] * Like most other loans gold loans too come with pre-closure charges though a few NBFCs promise exemption of these charges. Thus one needs to answer some these questions before approaching a gold loan company: * Do you really need a gold loan? How much money can be raised through gold loans? * What are the interest rates on gold loans? * What are the other charges? * How is the repayment process? The author of ‘Retire Rich Invest Rs 40 A Day’ PV Subramanyam, suggests to try a public sector bank for taking gold loan as gold loan is a secured  loan and banks are well regulated, are sound and carry lesser risk compared to a non-banking finance company. Since high emotional value is attached to the jewelry one pledges, it’s better to opt for a lender which is stable, well diversified and is in the gold loan business for a long period. Conclusion: Outlook of the Gold Loans Market in India Based on the assessment of the emerging dynamics and competitive landscape, the gold loans market is expected to grow at between 35% and 40% over the next three years (Source: IMACs Industry Report, 2009). Moreover, as the market is currently under-penetrated, it is expected that the gold loans market will offer enough opportunities for portfolio expansion and retain attractive margins for all existing specialized NBFCs, banks and new entrants. The branch expansion and marketing initiatives of various specialized NBFCs are anticipated to give a strong boost to the acceptability of gold loans and lead to further growth in the gold loans market. In addition, it is anticipated that the large public sector banks in southern India will continue to be amongst the leading lenders, but considering the various regulatory and operational processes, it would be challenging for the banks to match the flexible service regime of the specialized NBFCs. New NBFC entrants in the market are currently in a cautious preparatory mode to enter the gold loans market but it will take some time for these NBFCs to emerge as formidable competitors to specialized existing NBFCs. This is because it will take time for these new NBFCs to build the requisite focus, infrastructure (valuers, lockers, etc,) and branch network. Specialized NBFCs are expected to continue to hold their share of the Gold Loans market with their ability to provide superior and niche servicing capabilities to their exiting and future customers. References: 1. P V Subramanyam: ‘Retire Rich Invest Rs 40 A Day’ 2. The New York Times, newspaper article published on September 28, 2009 3. The Economic Times, newspaper article published on July 29, 2010 4. The Financial Chronicle, digital newspaper article published on June 23, 2011 5. IPO note on Muthoot Finance Ltd. ; prepared by HDFC Securities published on April 15,2011 6. Published presentation by Mannapuram Finance Ltd. For January 2011 7. IMACS Industry Report for 2009 ; 2010 8. www. deal4loans. com 9. www. asiancorrespondent. com 10. www. scottsdaleloancompany. com 11. www. goldprice. org

Bluebook Legal Referencing †Citing Federal Statutes

Bluebook Legal Referencing – Citing Federal Statutes Bluebook Legal Referencing – Citing Federal Statutes The Bluebook sets out uniform conventions for referencing legal documents, so anyone studying US law will want to be familiar with this system. We’ve previously looked at citing cases, so today we’ll move on to using Bluebook referencing to cite federal statutes. The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation Citing Federal Statutes Citing a federal statute typically involves referring to the United States Code (commonly abbreviated to â€Å"U.S.C.†), with the basic format for a statutory citation as follows: Title Code Abbreviation Section ( §) (Date) 14 U.S.C.  §37a (2012) Citations of this kind should be inserted into the text (or in a footnote) immediately after the relevant passage, using an appropriate signal if necessary. The rest of this post will examine each of these elements in more detail. Title Number The â€Å"title† of a federal statute is typically reduced to just the title number of the relevant section in the United States Code. In addition to this, you should provide the official name of the statute if: You’re citing the entire act as it appears in the United States Code; It is conventional to cite that particular statute in full, or; Providing the full name will aid identification of the material cited. For example, the Copyright Act of 1976 (title number 17 in the United States Code) could be cited in whole as: Copyright Act of 1976, 17 U.S.C.  Ã‚ §Ã‚ § 101-1332 (2012) Code Abbreviation The code abbreviation indicates  the jurisdiction under which a statute has been implemented. State statutes require you to know the code of the state in question, but if you’re citing a federal statute the main code you’ll need is â€Å"U.S.C.† (short for â€Å"United States Code†). However, if you’re citing a statute that hasn’t yet been published in the U.S.C., you can also cite the United States Code Annotated (U.S.C.A.) or the United States Code Service (U.S.C.S.). Section Number This is simply a number to show the section you’re citing, indicated using the section symbol ( §) and the relevant number. If citing more than one section, use â€Å" §Ã‚ §Ã¢â‚¬  and the complete range of sections being cited (e.g.,  §Ã‚ § 101-1332). Date of Code Edition The date given in brackets in a Bluebook citation refers to the year the copy of the code you’re using was published. You’ll therefore need to check your edition of the U.S.C. when citing a federal statute. You should also include the publisher alongside the year of publication if citing either the U.S.C.A. or U.S.C.S. As such, a citation of the LexisNexis-published version of the code would look like this: 14 U.S.C.S  §37a (LexisNexis 2012)

What are the main features of British conservatism Essay - 2

What are the main features of British conservatism - Essay Example In chorus, the ideology of a well- established central governing authority that was proposed by early traditional conservatives became an important aspect of the liberal mind. Secondly, there exists an internal heterogeneity in the political philosophy of conservatism that entails a number of aspects but is summarized under one feature that is the stabilization and justification of strong social structures. Those that bear the ideology of conservatism are the social groups and classes that concentrate on preserving the customary social order or its establishment. There are two philosophical formations in the structure of conservatism. One focuses on the opposing political trends and forces while the other focuses on preservation of the social structure in its original form. In this situation conservatism is a political philosophy that justifies the present order and appeal to the lost (Clarke, 1996:18). Various directions of conservatism share common features. For instance, the existence of well- established social structures and institutions, recognition of global morals and religious beliefs, belief in the natural equality of men, the flawed human nature and the limited capabilities of the human mind. Many individuals consider British conservatism as a British national characteristic that is likened to everything English. Conservatism is characterized by the highest expression and perfection and it is basically a conventional political ideology in Britain. The English parliament is known to have come up with a number of political definitions such as the popular difference between right and left (Clarke, 1996:78). British conservatism understands that human nature is imperfect for political institutions and is implemented in the following important approaches. Firstly, the mentality of conservatism is the same as that of traditionalism. Secondly, preference of incremental is radical changes.

Impact of Pinyin on Chinese people's ability to learn foreign Research Paper

Impact of Pinyin on Chinese people's ability to learn foreign langauges - Research Paper Example It is now possible for Pinyin speakers to connect sounds to written forms of words. This knowledge is helpful in acquisition of a phonetic based language like English. As far back as the 1930s, Chinese leaders like Mao Zedong noted that the traditional systems of writing Chinese, such as Zhiyin, Fanqie, and Zhuyinfuhao, were too difficult to learn. Because of its dependence on characters, most of the population could not learn sufficient characters to develop a rich vocabulary. Therefore, Latinisation was regarded as a mechanism for quickly eradicating illiteracy in China (DeFrancis, 2006). Difficulties in reconciling differences between written and oral Chinese also motivated the introduction of Pinyin. Chairman Mao stated that the Chinese language had several contradictions, as written Chinese came from symbols yet spoken Chinese did not (DeFrancis, 2006). It was thus difficult to learn the language and transmit knowledge in written forms. Prior to the 1950s, people who supported this movement held key positions in government. Therefore, political will existed to reform the language. However, after the 1950s, a different group known as Mao Zedong took over the government, and was dedicated to the suppression of the Pinyin movement. Regardless of this opposition, intellectuals persisted in pushing for reforms until Pinyin was finally adopted in 1958. Learning a new language is often easier when the second language has elements of one’s primary language. For a language such as Chinese, these similarities are particularly imperative in facilitating the learning process. In the United States, Chinese is regarded as one of the most difficult languages to learn. The US government has established a categorisation system in which they classify languages according to their ease of acquisition. Chinese, Arabic, Korean, and Japanese are all category IV languages, meaning that they take the longest to master. These

Relationship Between International Trade and World Output

Relationship Between International Trade and World Output World economy is basically is the economy of the countries of the world. The economic development of these countries is measured through various standards of measurement. The economic development is some times measure in the form of world output and international trade in the world. These two frames are used as standard in measuring the economic development in the global world. World output is the quantity of output produced globally with in a given time frame. It can be used as a standard for global economic development in the world as more and more quantity of output produced in the world more it signifies the favorable environment of business and has the positive impact on international trade as well. Trade is also one of important aspects of the world economy as it provided the wide range of choices to different countries to enjoy the luxurious goods. Wide varieties of goods those are not available in the one own country may get traded from the other in order to enjoy the benefit s from those products that are not available in these regions. So world output and international trade are interlinked and has very deep effects on a country economy as well. Relationship between international trade and world output International trade and world output is closely linked together. More and more global output produced, more the production of products increase, more healthy will be the business environment and as businesses of the world flourish more the production in different businesses increase which will implied positive impact on the output produced in a country that will ultimately increase the trend of international trade in the world. (Ethier, W. J.1982). 1-The close relationship between the trade and world out put can be seen in the case of recession when the spending power of the people will drop and the people will be more concerned about their financial future and less motivated to spend on domestic as well as international products related to import from other countries. The result will be lower the trade. Decrease in world out put reduces the international trade pattern in this way. 2-The other example of closely linked relationship of trade and world out put is when the country is facing recession its monetary value will be decline due to which it can purchase less imported products due to less monetary value of its currency as compare to the other country currency and it will be easy to afford the domestic products as compare to the imports from other countries. This will discourage the trade of the country. 3- It is also analyzed that the rate of increase in the trade is much faster then the world output. One of the main reasons behind this phenomenon is that the traded items are much cheaper then the goods that are not traded. Another reason behind this can be seen that the growth productivity of traded goods are less as compare to the price of these items so that cause increase in the trade faster as compare to the output produced. Broad pattern of international tradeÂÂ   Different trade pattern can be seen in different countries depend on their level of development. The trade between the high income countries contributes 60% of world trade. Trade between low and middle income group is only 6 % of total trade and the trade between high, middle and low income countries are contributed 34% of total. This pattern of trade is important to consider in order to verify the trend of trading between different countries and to identify the major countries pattern in international trading. It is very important to confirm that the poor countries or middle income countries are also includes in trade activities and to ensures that weather balance are maintained in rich and poor countries through exchanging of commodities. (Helpman, E.1984) If trade cut off with other countries Trade is now becomes a basic economic need without which survival of a country is not possible because this ensures the provision of products that are not available I one own country. In past era the needs are more confined to the products that are produced locally but with modern advancement needs brought up and full filled with the help of trade with other countries having abundant of resources that need to trade. (Balassa, B. 1964), Example USA is the country that is importing various products from other countries of the world e.g. Tea, coffee, fruits and vegetables in fresh or in processed form e.g. in the form of pulp or fruit juice, different spices, herbs, nuts and other different dried fruits from Brazil. It also depend on China and Japan for different types of electronics like, TV, DVD players etc. if US suddenly cut off trading with these countries it has to cut off with all the luxurious that are confined with the trade relationship with these countries. US is it self a great manufacturer of electronics machinery and earn a lot of revenues from the export of this machinery to other countries if there will be no trade between US and other countries then US will suffer in losses and its earning will decline. Conclusion A nation can not survive without trading with other nations of the world having abundance of resources and absolute advantage over other. International trade not only helps nations to utilize its resources properly and increase the revenue by exporting of products after full fill one own need but it is the source of enjoying a large revenue from foreign exchange and getting variety of products through exporting. In absence of trade fewer choices will be available, less chances for earning revenue and have to face the recession in the country, which will have adverse effect on a country development.

To Kill a Mocking Bird Summary

To Kill a Mocking Bird Summary Essay Scout Finch is growing up in a hot, tired Alabama town, where there is nothing to buy and nothing to buy it with. She and her older brother, Jem, live with their father, Atticus, the local lawyer, and their cook, Calpurnia, close to downtown Maycomb. They're all related by blood or marriage to everyone in town, so it's a close-knit group to say the least. As our story begins, summer has just started. Scout is six, and Jem is ten, and they have just discovered a boy hiding in their next door neighbors turnip greens.He's a scrawny kid who's name is Dill, and the three become instant friends as soon as it's revealed that Dill has already seen â€Å"Dracula†, which gives him instant credibility. As summer progresses and favorite games become old hat, Scout, Jem, and Dill become obsessed with making Boo Radley come out. Boo Radley lives up the street from Scout and Jem, and legend has it that he never comes out of his house. Any small crimes or mysterious happenings in town are said to be his work, and rarely will anyone pass the house alone at night.Their first raid consists of a dare between Dill and Jem. He must run to the Radley house, touch it, and run back. He finally does it, but only after 3 days careful thought and much ribbing from Dill. Chapter 2 When September rolls around and Dill leaves to go back home to Meridian, Scout realizes that she's starting her first year of school. After her first day, however, she's determined not to go back. After trying to explain the complicated backgrounds of some of the county folks to the new teacher, Scout lands herself into trouble again and again, and is not quite sure how.It should be obvious, she thinks, that offering Walter Cunningham a quarter for lunch is simply not done. They don't take help from anyone, and the reason why he doesn't have a lunch is because he can't afford one. When she tries to explain this to the new teacher, however, she gets her hands slapped by a ruler. When lunchtime finally rolls around, she's grateful to get out of class and go home. Chapter 3 Scout wastes no time paying back Walter Cunningham for getting her started on the wrong foot with the new teacher. It isn't until Jem comes and stops her hat she quits tormenting him in the playground, and she nearly falls over when Jem invites the poor boy to lunch at their house. The day doesn't improve when she embarrasses Walter at the table and is forced to eat in the kitchen by Calpurnia. When she returns to school the day's drama isn't over. Miss Caroline, the teacher, is horrified to discover a cootie in the hair of Burris Ewell, a hulking, angry boy who quickly reduces Miss Caroline to tears as he slouches out of the room, his first and only day of school over.That evening Scout is weary from the day's crimes and begs Atticus not to send her back to school anymore. The fact that Miss Caroline forbade her to read and write anymore is really what's distressing her, and when Atticus strikes a deal with her that if she will concede to go back to school they'll continue reading together like always, she happily accepts. Chapter 4 As the schoolyear inches along, Scout begins to realize that she's far more educated than her peers, and even more so, perhaps, than her teacher.As construction paper and crayon Projects evolve day after day, she realizes she is just plain bored. As she walks home from school there is a huge oak tree that sits on the corner of the Radley lot. She passes it every day without incident, only one day she spots two pieces of chewing gum in a knot in the tree. After making sure it won't kill her she hastily crams it into her mouth, and Jem is furious with her when he finds out, convinced that it's poisoned by Boo Radley. During their walk home on the last day of school Scout and Jem find another treasure in the tree, this time two old, shined up pennies.When Dill arrives for the summer two days later the group resumes their obsession with Boo Radley. They create a play that reenacts Boo's life, and continue with it all summer long until they are very nearly caught by Atticus. Chapter 5 When Dill and Jem start excluding Scout from their plots she begins to spend more time with her next door neighbor, Miss Maudie Atkinson. Miss Maudie is garden obsessed, and spends her evenings reining over her front porch in the twilight. Scout gets a lot of valuable information from her about Boo Radley's past, and the reason, perhaps, why he never comes out.The next day she uncovers a major plot by Dill and Jem to pass a note to Boo Radley. Scout protests but they threaten her and before she knows it she's part of the scheme. Things proceed fairly smoothly until they're caught by Atticus, who forbids them to set one more foot on the Radley property and to leave Mr. Radley alone. Chapter 6 The last night of the summer Jem and Dill hatch the biggest plot of them all (reasoning that, if they get killed, they'll miss school instead of vacation). They decide to try and peep into one of the windows at the Radley house.When Scout (who until tonight knew nothing of the plan) starts to protest, they call her a girl and threaten to send her home. With that, she joins them. Things take a disastrous turn when Boo Radley's older brother, Mr. Nathan Radley, hears them and, thinking they're intruders, fires a shotgun. They barely make it through the fence in time and high tail it back home so they're not missed by the adults. When they step into the gathering crowd to discuss the gunshot Scout is horrified to realize that Jem is missing his pants. Dill hatches a good one and tells Atticus that he won them from Jem playing strip poker.The adults seem satisfied with the lie, and don't suspect them of causing the gunfire at the Radley place. After they slink off, Scout discovers from Jem that he lost his pants as they were scurrying through the wire fence. They got caught and he had to leave them behind or risk getting sho t. Late that night Jem decides to go after them rather than risk Mr. Nathan finding them the next morning and turning him in. Scout pleads with him not to go, but he does it anyway. When he gets back, he doesn't say a word but lies in bed, trembling. Chapter 7Jem's silence about that night lasts for a week. They both start school again, and Scout discovers that the second grade is worse than the first, and the only consolation is that now she gets to stay as late as Jem and they can walk home together. It's during this walk home one afternoon that Jem finally opens up about his sojourn trip back to the Radley place to retrieve his pants. He tells Scout that his pants were not tangled up the wire as he left them but were folded neatly on the fence post, as if someone was expecting him to come back and get them.As they approach the oak tree with the knot hole they discover a ball of twine. After waiting a few days to make sure that the knot hole is not some other child's hiding place, they take ownership of everything they find in there from here on out. The next treasure they discover in there is the figure of a boy and girl carved out of soap. They're carved to look like Scout and Jem. The next prize is an old pocket watch that doesn't run. They decide to write a letter to whomever is leaving them things, but they're shocked to discover the next day that the hole has been filled with cement.When they question Mr. Nathan Radley (Boo's brother who does leave the house) he tells them the tree was sick and he had to do it. Upon questioning Atticus, however, he tells them that tree is perfectly healthy. Chapter 8 That fall Maycomb endures the coldest snap since 1885, and Scout thinks the world is ending one morning when she wakes up and finds snow on the ground. Although it's only a dusting, Jem is determined to build his first snowman and sets out creatively making one out of dirt, and then using the precious white snow to cover it up.That night the temperature dr ops even further and all the stoves in the house are lit for warmth. Scout is awakened in the middle of the night by Atticus, who tells her Miss Maudie's house next door is on fire and they have to get out. They spend the night in front of the Radley driveway, watching the commotion. The men of Maycomb help as much as they can getting furniture out of her house while there is still time, but eventually the whole thing is up in flames. They don't go back inside the house until morning, and Scout is horrified to discover she's wrapped up in blanket and she has no idea where she got it.She almost falls over when they deduce it was Boo Radley that brought the blanket out to her in the night, and she never even knew. 7They're heartened to discover the next day that Miss Maudie is not grieving for her lost house, saying she always wanted a smaller one anyway. Chapter 9 As the school year progresses Scout begins to get teased at school over her father, atticus is called a â€Å"Nigger Def ender† and one night she asks Atticus why people are talking about him. He tells her that's he's taken on a case that affects him personally and because he is defending this man, Tom Robinson, there is a big stink about it in town.Atticus asks Scout that, no matter what she hears, she's not to get into a fight with someone over this case. True to her word, she doesn't fight, even when antagonized at school. Until Christmas. Their Uncle Jack Finch comes down from Boston, which is the good part of Christmas. The bad part is that they all have to spend Christmas day at Aunt Alexandra's house at Finch's Landing. Even worse, their cousin Francis is there, and Scout hates him. Things go smoothly until after dinner when, alone in the backyard with Scout, Francis starts calling Atticus all sorts of terrible names because he's defending a black man.Scout sails in with her fists to defend him and gets caught by Uncle Jack. She doesn't have a moment to tell her side of the story, and mom ents later they're on their way back home. She's finally able to tell her story to Uncle Jack later that night, and he apologizes for jumping all over her when he should've been punishing Francis. Chapter 10 The neighborhood excitement starts up again in February when Tim Johnson, a mangy dog owned by a man on the other side of town, is discovered walking up the street with rabies. The sheriff is called and he and Atticus drive up with a gun to shoot it.Scout and Jem watch in amazement as their father, whom they've never seen hold a gun in his life, takes aim and shoots the dog square in the head from an amazing distance. They're further shocked to discover that he is the deadest shot in Maycomb county, an accomplishment he's never bothered to mention to them since he doesn't like guns. Chapter 11 The day after Jem's 12th birthday finds the two walking into town to spend his birthday money. The downside to taking the route into town is that they have to walk past Mrs.Dubose's house, a cantankerous, bitter old woman who lives at the end of the street. She never has anything good to say to anyone, but Atticus constantly tells the two of them to ignore her foul words and treat her with courtesy and respect. Normally they're able to do this, but today their patience is pushed thin when she starts insulting Atticus's decision to defend Tom Robinson. They wait until they're on their way back home from town and suddenly Jem starts destroying Mrs. Dubose‘s flowers with Scout's baton wand, chopping them viciously off the bush and scattering them across her yard.When Atticus comes home later that evening, he knows he's in for it worse than he's ever been. Atticus makes Jem go to her house and talk with her, and when Jem returns he says that she is making him read to her everyday for the next month. When Monday comes around, Scout goes with him to keep him company, and the days drag by. When she dies a month later, Atticus informs them that Mrs. Dubose was a morphi ne addict who had decided she was not going to die addicted to the drug. Jem's afternoons of reading to her broke her from her addiction, and she was able to die in peace. Chapter 12As summer begins Scout is crushed to discover that Dill will not be joining them. When Atticus has to go out of town for two weeks, Calpurnia decides that she will take them to church with her. Aside from one woman, Jem and Scout are welcomed into the African church with open arms and they're amazed to see how different it is from their own staid church service. They're also amazed to find out that the church collection is going to Helen Robinson, Tom's wife, and the Reverend is not letting anyone leave until they've collected $10, which is what she needs each week to support her kids.Purses are scraped and pockets searched, and finally everyone comes up with enough money and the doors are opened. They also find out that Tom is in jail because he's accused of raping Bob Ewell's daughter, Mayella (who is white), which is why the entire town is in an uproar over Atticus taking on the case. When they get back home from church, they find Aunt Alexandra on the front porch swing waiting for them. Chapter 13 As Scout and Jem begin to question Aunt Alexandra, she tells them she's come to stay awhile (which could be days or years, according to Maycomb's customs).She settles in and the county welcomes her with open arms, although she certainly adds a formidable presence to Jem and Scout's daily routine. She begins trying to instruct the two on how to be a proper Finch (since they come from, in her words, a Fine Family) but both Scout and Jem have no interest in becoming a little gentleman and a little lady, and hardly bother trying to learn. Chapter 14 As life continues on with Aunty in the house, one night Scout goes to bed and steps on something soft and warm and round, which she thinks is a snake.After calling Jem in for a thorough investigation under her bed they find Dill under there, d irty and starving and still his same old self. Scout finds out that the reason why Dill ran off was because his parents just aren't interested in him, and he spends most of his days alone. He spends the night with them, uncertain what the next day will bring. Chapter 15 It is decided a week later that Dill will stay in Maycomb with his Aunt Rachel, who happens to be the Finch's neighbor. This news makes both Scout and Jem very happy. One night they're all relaxing in the living room when Mr.Heck Tate, the sheriff, comes knocking at the door with a group of men, warning Atticus that the local group of no-accounts might try to come at Tom Robinson this weekend. He is being held in the Maycomb jail. The next night Atticus mysteriously leaves the house and on a hunch Jem, Scout and Dill go looking for him in town. They finally find him reading a book on the porch at the jailhouse. Once Jem is satisfied that Atticus is ok they turn to go, but suddenly a line of cars pull up and a group o f men get out and surround the porch.Things get serious when Scout, Jem, and Dill rush into the crowd to Atticus's defense, and although he tells them to go home they don't budge. Scout realizes that these men are strangers, and that they're here to get Tom Robinson. Scout finally sees that she does know one man in the crowd, Mr. Cunningham, Walter's father, and as she tries to make conversation with him the entire group falls silent, listening to her talk about Walter and Mr. Cunningham's entailment, which Atticus is currently helping him out on. Although she doesn't realize it, she makes them all realize that they are acting barbaric and finally it's Mr.Cunningham who calls off the mob and makes everyone go home. Chapter 16 The next morning, Saturday, the whole county begins to file into town to watch Tom Robinson's trial. Jem and Scout run a constant commentary for Dill, explaining the backgrounds and tendencies of everyone that passes. After lunch they head into town themselves to watch the trial. Due to the immense crowd there's no room downstairs but Reverend Sykes, the black preacher from Calpurnia's church, gives them seats in the colored section upstairs. When they get up there and sit down, they see the first witness is Mr.Heck Tate. Chapter 17 As Atticus begins to question the sheriff, who was the one that immediately saw Mayella after she was raped, he immediately begins to find holes in his testimony that prove there is no way that Tom Robinson could have beaten and raped the girl, although at this time the jury and crowd don't really know where he's going with his questioning. All that is apparent is that Mayelle's right eye was blackened and that all around her throat was bruised, as if two strong hands had tried to strangle her.The next witness to take the stand is Mayella's father, Bob Ewell, who is poor, uneducated, and downright mean-spirited. As Atticus begins to question him, it becomes finally apparent to Jem where he's going. He suddenly sees that there is no doubt that it was Bob Ewell who beat up Mayelle and then pointed the finger at Tom. Scout still doesn't see it; however, and thinks Jem is counting his chickens before they're hatched. As she looks at the back of Tom Robinson, who is big and strong, she thinks he easily could have hurt Mayella. Chapter 18Mayella is the next to take the stand, and as Atticus questions her he begins to poke holes in her testimony as well. Finally he asks Tom Robinson to stand up so Mayella can identify him, and everyone sees that his left arm is fully 12 inches shorter than his right, and is therefore crippled and unusable. Scout finally sees that there is no way he could have choked Mayella and blacked out her right eye. It's a physical impossibility. Atticus then begins to ask her if it was really her father that beat her up but she refuses to say, and she refuses to say another word after she accuses Tom Robinson one more time.Chapter 19 The next and last witness is Tom Robin son himself. Tom tells the jury that he went into Mayella's yard lots of times to help her with little chores, and that she was always asking for his help. She once offered to pay him, but Tom declined the invitation. Since that, Tom willingly executed Mayella's chores free of charge. When he begins talking about the night of the rape he tells everyone that Mayella invited him in to do a chore and then started coming on to him, trying to kiss him, and it was her father that saw what she was trying to do through the window.Tom tried to resist Mayella without hurting her, and as soon as he could get away he took off running. He is soft-spoken and polite. But he makes the mistake of telling Mr. Gilmore that the reason he helped Mayella is because he felt sorry for her. And in those times, a black man feeling sorry for a white woman or even saying it may as well be a crime. During the cross examination by Mr. Gilmore Dill begins crying uncontrollably, so Scout takes him outside for some fresh air. Dill cannot get over how cruel Mr.Gilmore (the prosecutor) is to Tom Robinson, and another man is outside the courthouse and knows exactly why Dill is so upset. Chapter 20 The man is Mr. Dolphus Raymond, a local character who is ostracized because he married a black woman. To tone down the talk about him around the town he pretends to be a drunk, but it is really Coca Cola that is in the paper sack he carries around. He tells Dill that people can be very cruel sometimes and that it makes him sick too. Scout knows she shouldn't be out talking to this sinful man, but she finds him nice and fascinating.When they get back inside the courthouse they find Atticus in the middle of his closing statement, and Jem is convinced they're going to win the case since Tom Robinson could not have physically done what Mayella is accusing him of. Chapter 21 When they go home that evening for dinner they can hardly wait to go back to the courthouse because they don't want to miss the verdic t. They wolf down their supper and race back. The jury stays out a long time, till almost midnight, deciding on a verdict, and Scout falls asleep waiting to hear. In total the jurors were out deciding almost nine hours.Finally they come back with a verdict: guilty. Chapter 22 Jem starts to cry, and cannot believe the jury would convict Tom when it was so obvious he hadn't raped Mayella. He and Scout are both in shock. The next morning the Finches all surprised at the amount of food that was left on the back porch from black people in the community, mostly from Calpurnia's neighborhood, to tell Atticus â€Å"thank you† for defending Tom Robinson, in spite of the verdict. The children have a conversation with Miss Maudie who tells them that it wasn't just Atticus trying to help Tom Robinson.They Judge was trying, Mr. Heck Tate was trying, there were lots of people behind the scene trying. They might of lost the case, she says, but only Atticus could have kept a jury out so long deciding. In her mind, it's a baby step towards equality. Chapter 23 The next drama of the day is that Bob Ewell spits in the face of Atticus and says he'll get him back for embarrassing him so badly in court. Atticus passes it off as an empty threat, and does his best to assuage the fears of Jem and Scout, who are very worried for him. Atticus has not lost hope for Tom Robinson, either.There's still the appeal, which he's confident that they have a good chance of winning. As Jem and Scout discuss the lives and ways of Maycomb county folks after the trial, they begin to realize something disturbing about human nature, and the ways people can come up with to just be mean spirited. Jem begins to understand that the reason Boo Radley never comes out of his house is not because he can't, but is because he doesn't want to come out. Chapter 24 As September inches closer Scout is introduced to formal tea time, hosted by Aunt Alexandra, who is on a relentless campaign to teach her to be a lady.As Scout navigates through the social hour she's lost on how ladies can look so pretty and delicate, and yet trap each other with conversation, revealing an aggressiveness you can't really see except when they talk to each other. She decides she feels much more at home in her father's world. When Atticus comes home early from work and interrupts tea Scout knows something's up. She follows him into the kitchen and learns that Tom Robinson is dead. He made a break for it at the prison and was shot by the guards. Atticus enlists the help of Calpurnia to go and tell Tom's wife, Helen who is she.Scout, Miss Maudie, and Aunt Alexandra pull themselves together and rejoin the ladies at tea. Chapter 25 Jem and Dill were able to witness the sad affair of Atticus having to tell Helen that Tom is dead, as his car passed them as they were walking back from swimming at Barkers Eddy. Atticus was very gentle about it, but Helen fainted away. The town of Maycomb was interested in Toms death for about two days, and then moved on to other things. Jem tells Scout that he heard from the grapevine that Mr. Ewell was threatened them again, saying that there was one down and two to go.Jem believes that he's all talk and warns Scout not to breathe a word to Atticus, and not to worry. Chapter 26 As school starts Jem begins high school (7th grade) and Scout rarely sees him until dark. She's in 3rd grade now, and although the Radley place ceases to terrify her she still thinks about Boo, and regrets ever tormenting him the way they used to. One day in class they start talking about Adolf Hitler, and Scout discovers that her teacher, Miss Gates, hates Hitler and feels strongly that his persecution of Jews is wrong.Scout is confused about this, however, because during the summer at the trial she heard Miss Gates distinctly saying ugly things about Tom Robinson, and how this should teach them all a lesson. When she asks Jem about it, why Miss Gates can hate Hitler and yet feel Tom Robi nson's verdict is justified because he's black, Jem gets very upset and yells at her not to ever talk about that trial to him again. When she goes to Atticus for comfort he tells her that Jem is just trying to come to terms with something in his head, and when he does he'll start being himself again. Chapter 27 As October crawls forward a few things happen in town.The Judge finds a nighttime crawler in his yard but doesn't see who it is. Helen Robinson, Tom's wife, starts working for Mr. Link Deas, Tom's old employer, who offers her a job because he feels so badly about what happened to Tom. She has to go a mile out of her way to avoid the Ewell place, because each time she passes they antagonize her. When Mr. Deas finds out about it he goes over to the Ewell place and threatens Mr. Ewell to leave Helen alone. The next day Mr. Ewell follows Helen all the way to work and Mr. Deas has to chew him out again. To Aunt Alexandra, it bodes trouble.As Halloween approaches Scout learns that she will be required to participate in the school pageant, an agricultural themed production where she'll be playing the part of â€Å"Pork†. Her costume is a large ham hock fashioned out of brown cloth and chicken wire. Everyone else is too worn out to come to the night's pageant, so Scout and Jem go alone. Chapter 28 It's a really dark night, but Scout has fun playing the various games the school put on before the pageant. The entire county is there to watch the show, and Scout invariably falls asleep waiting for her part in the play and makes her entrance much too late.She's mortified, but it makes everyone laugh. Because she's so embarrassed about her performance she asks Jem to wait until most of the people have left the school before they begin walking home. As they start their journey back home in the pitch black dark, Jem begins to hear someone following them. At first they think it's their friend, Cecil, trying to scare them, but they begin to realize that it's not. Before they know what's hit them they're attacked from whomever is following them. Scout is crushed under her costume, and then Jem screams.She can't see a thing, and then things grow quiet and she realizes there are now 4 people under the tree. Scout stumbles out into the road, calling for Jem, and then sees a man walking unsteadily, carrying Jem in front of him towards their house. When she gets inside Atticus quickly calls the doctor and the Sheriff, and none of them know how badly Jem is hurt until Dr. Reynolds gets there and informs them that he's got a broken arm. Heck Tate gets there next and tells them all that Bob Ewell is lying under the tree where they were attacked, dead with a kitchen knife stuck in his ribs. Chapter 29Scout tells them all what happened leading up to the attack. The man that carried Jem into the house is still in the room with them, but he's so silent and in the shadows that they pretty much forget he's there. Heck Tate tells them that Scout's costume p robably saved her life, as there is a slash mark through the chicken wire where Bob Ewell tried to stab her. When she gets to the end of her story she realizes that the man who saved their lives, the man who carried Jem home, is Boo Radley. Chapter 30 As Dr. Reynolds starts to set Jem's arm they all head to the front porch, where Boo will be more comfortable in the shadows.Scout leads him out and sits beside him in the deepest shadow. Atticus and Heck Tate get into a battle of wills over who really killed Bob Ewell. Atticus believes Jem did it, and refuses to have the affair â€Å"hushed up† so it's hanging over Jem's head and the county has ample material for gossip. Heck Tate contends that Bob Ewell fell on his knife, and flat out refuses to tell anyone that Boo Radley killed him (which is what really happened). His reason is because he knows all the ladies of Maycomb county would be by Boo's house bringing him cakes to thank him, and he knows Boo doesn't want to be dragged into the limelight.Finally, Atticus agrees to the story, and thanks Boo for saving his children. Chapter 31 Scout leads Boo back into the house one last time so he can say goodbye to Jem, who is still sleeping, and then she walks him home. After he goes inside she stands on his front porch and realizes that she can see the entire neighborhood. She understands that all through the years Boo has watched them grow up, playing games and living their lives. She begins to understand that maybe she and Jem did give something to Boo after all. She gives him a hug and heads back home.